Uj<J* 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 


VOLUME  56,  NUMBER   16 


SOME  RESULTS  OF  RECENT 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL  EXPLORATION 

IN  PERU 


With  Four  Plates 


by 


Dr.  ALES  HRDLICKA 
Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum 


PER\ 


%0* 


(Publication  2005) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

1911 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  56,  NUMBER   16 


SOME  RESULTS  OF  RECENT 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL  EXPLORATION 

IN  PERU 


With  Four  Plates 


by 


Dr.  ALES  HRDL1CKA 

Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum 


(Publication  2005 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

1911 


ZU  J5or&  (gattimovt  (fixeee 

IS  U.TIMOHK,    Ml)  ,    I.   s.     \. 


SOME  RESULTS   OF  RECENT   ANTHROPOLOGICAL 
EXPLORATION  IN  PERU1 

By  Dr.  ALES  HRDLICKA, 
Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum 

(With  Four  Plates) 

Peru  may  well  be  regarded,  even  in  its  present  territorial  restric- 
tion, as  the  main  key  to  the  anthropology  of  South  America.  Due 
to  the  numbers  of  its  ancient  inhabitants,  and  to  their  far  reaching 
social  differentiations,  indicating  long  occupancy,  a  good  knowledge 
of  the  people  of  Peru  from  the  earliest  times  is  very  desirable,  and 
would  constitute  a  solid  basis  from  which  it  should  be  relatively 
easy  to  extend  anthropological  comparison  to  all  the  rest  of  the 
native  peoples  of  the  Southern  Continent. 

We  know  already,  in  a  general  way,  that  Peru,  shortly  before  the 
conquest,  was  peopled  by  three  or  four  larger  "  races  "  or  strains  of 
Indians:  The  Aymara  (d'Orbigny)  and  the  Quechua,  in  the  central 
and  southern  highlands;  the  Huancas  (Tschudi),  in  the  north,  and 
the  Yungas  (Calancha)  or  Chinchas  (Tschudi),  along  the  coast.2 
Besides  this,  a  considerable  number  of  unclassified  tribes  existed  in 
the  northeastern  and  northern  regions  of  the  great  territory.  These 
various  peoples  are  known  to  have  spoken  a  number  of  different 

1  Paper  read  before  the  Seventeenth  International  Congress  of  American- 
ists, City  of  Mexico,  September,  1910,  by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka,  representative 
of  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Congress  of  Americanists  at  Buenos  Aires, 
May  16  to  21,  1910,  and  at  City  of  Mexico,  September  7  to  14,  1910. 

2  Calancha,  A.  de.  Chronica  moralizada  del  Orden  de  San  Augustin  en 
el  Peru,  etc.     2  vols.     Barcelona,  1639-1653. 

Cieza,  P.  de.  La  Chronica  del  Peru.  Sevilla,  1553.  Anvers,  1554;  Eng- 
lish Transl.,  London,  1864-1883  (Hakluyt  Soc.  Pubs.  Nos.  33  and  68). 

Garcilasso  de  la  Vega.  Historia  general  del  Peru.  Cordova,  1616;  Lon- 
don, 1688. 

D'Orbigny,  D.  A.  Voyage  dans  1'Amerique  meridionale,  etc.  9  vols.,  40. 
Paris,  1835-1847. 

Rivero,  E.  de,  and  J.  J.  v.  Tschudi.  Antiguedades  Peruanas.  40.  Vien, 
1851  ;  Transl.  in  English.     8°.     New  York,  1853. 

Tschudi,  J.  J.  v.  On  the  Ancient  Peruvians.  8°.  London,  1884.  Travels 
in  Peru,  etc.    8°.     London,  1847. 

Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  56,  No.  16 


2  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

languages  and  dialects  and  to  have  differed  from  each  other  in  other 
respects,  but  their  exact  classification  has  not  yet  been  determined, 
and  from  the  standpoint  of  physical  anthropology  most  of  the 
groups  are  still  enveloped  in  a  haze  of  uncertainty.1  Even  ethnic 
units  of  such  importance  as  the  Ouechua  and  Aymara  are  so  little 
known  physically  that  from  the  literature  on  the  subject  alone  it 
would  be  impossible  to  form  a  clear  notion  as  to  their  main  char- 
acteristics. 

The  dearth  of  knowledge  concerning  the  somatology  of  the  peoples 
of  Peru  is  due,  on  the  one  hand,  to  an  almost  complete  lack  of  an- 
thropological observations  on  the  living',  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to 
the  nature  of  the  skeletal  material  which  has  thus  far  been  collected. 
Not  that  the  material  is  wanting,  for  there  are  many  hundreds 
of  Peruvian  skulls  scattered  in  our  collections  ;  but  a  very  large 
majority  of  these  skulls  are  more  or  less  deformed,  either  arti- 
ficially or  accidentally,  which  renders  them  unsuitable  for  anthro- 
pological determinations,  and  other  parts  of  the  skeleton  have  been 
neglected.  As  to  the  skulls,  there  is  no  equally  extensive  territory 
in  the  world  where  cranial  deformations,  both  intentional  and  unin- 
tentional, are  as  numerous  as  in  Peru.  Skulls  of  normal  form  from 
that  country  have  actually  thus  far  been  rarities. 

The  accessions  of  Bolivian  and  Peruvian  skeletal  material  in  the 
principal  American  museums  during  the  past  few  years  have  begun 
to  shed  more  light  on  the  physical  characteristics  of  at  least  the 
Aymara  and  on  a  portion  of  the  middle  coast  population  of  Peru. 
In  consequence,  it  may  be  said  to-day  with  comparative  certainty 
that  these  two  groups  differ  radically,  at  least  so  far  as  the  cranial 
type  is  concerned ;  one  (the  Aymara)  representing  dolichocephalic, 
the  other  (middle  coast)  brachycephalic  stock.  Furthermore,  we 
know  to-day  (due  principally  to  Bandelier's  collections)  that  the 
Aymara  were  in  the  main  a  people  of  relatively  small  stature,  of 
only  moderate  muscular  development,  and  often  of  rather  small 
cranial  capacity.  The  coast  people  from  Ancon,  Pachacamac,  and 
one  or  two  other  localities,  were  also  of  rather  low  stature,  but  of 
somewhat  stronger  build,  and  had  seemingly  on  the  average  a  per- 
ceptibly larger  skull.  In  both  groups  there  was  a  relatively  frequent 
occurrence  of  decidedly  short  and  small-headed  individuals.  Be- 
yond these  few  facts,  however,  things  were  problematical. 

It  was  under  these  conditions  that  an  opportunity,  regrettably  a 


1  For  literature  on  the  physical  anthropology  of  Peru,  see  the  end  of  this 
paper. 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU — HRDLICKA  3 

limited  one,  presented  itself  to  the  writer  during  the  summer  of 
1910,  to  visit  the  Peruvian  coast,  and  as  the  time  at  his  disposal 
could  not  be  extended,  it  was  decided  to  visit  the  two  most  im- 
portant districts  on  the  coast,  namely,  Pachacamac,  and  Chan-chan 
or  Gran  Chimu.  Due  to  exceptional  circumstances,  and  to  kind 
friends,  especially  Dr.  Max  Uhle,  the  Director  of  the  Museo 
Nacional,  at  Lima,  and  Sr.  D.  Victor  Larco  Herrera  of  the  valley 
of  Chicama,  and  also  to  the  courtesy  of  the  Peruvian  Govern- 
ment, it  was  not  merely  possible  to  make  these  visits  with  despatch, 
but  with  unlooked  for  results.  The  writer  was  enabled  to  examine 
over  thirty  separate  cemeteries,  and  to  gather  upwards  of  3400 
crania,  with  a  large  quantity  of  other  skeletal  parts.  And  more 
fortunately  still,  a  large  percentage  of  the  gathered  skulls,  particu- 
larly from  the  Chimu  district,  are  free  from  artificial  deformation, 
so  that  they  will  show  clearly  the  cranial  type  of  the  people  occupy- 
ing and  congregating  in  these  regions. 

With  this  material,  and  the  available  collections  from  Ancon  and 
other  localities  of  the  Peruvian  littoral,  it  will  now  be  possible  to 
learn  definitely  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  population  of  the 
Peruvian  coast  for  a  distance  of  over  400  miles,  and  establish  a  firm 
foundation  for  anthropological  comparisons  for  the  rest  of  the 
country. 

This  report,  preliminary  to  a  detailed  study  of  the  collections, 
will  give  only  the  general  results  of  the  writer's  observations. 

The  Pachacamac  Region 

The  great  ruins  of  the  temples  and  city  of  Pachacamac  are  situ- 
ated at  the  lower  end  of  the  valley  of  Lurin,  about  18  miles  south 
of  Lima,  whence  they  are  reached  part  of  the  way  by  trolley  and 
part  horseback.  The  location  is  an  exceptionally  favored  one  scen- 
ically.  It  comprises  a  cluster  of  moderate  barren  elevations,  in 
proximity  to  the  ocean  and  its  rocky  islands  toward  the  west,  the 
highly  picturesque,  green,  narrowing  mountainous  valley  on  the 
south  and  east,  and  the  desert  plain  and  elevations  to  the  north. 
The  ruins  themselves  are  extensive,  as  well  as  impressive  in  char- 
acter. They  comprise  not  only  remnants  of  two  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  pre-Columbian  Peruvian  temples  and  those  of  an 
interesting  "  Inca "  convent,  but  also  an  extensive,  somewhat 
fortress-like  central  structure,  and  several  complexes  of  habitations 
spreading  over  the  hill  and  slopes  toward  the  west  and  northwest 
of  the  principal  portion  of  the  ruins. 


4  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

For  a  detailed  history  and  description  of  Pachacamac,  the  writer 
must  refer  to  the  work  of  Dr.  Utile.1  Pachacamac  was  a  famous 
religious  center,  comparable  to  the  Egyptian  Thebes  or  the  Mo- 
hammedan Mecca.  It  originally  contained  a  shrine  of  the  "  creator  " 
god,  Pachacamac,  to  which  flocked  "  pilgrims  coming  from  all 
parts  of  Peru,  three  hundred  leagues  or  more"  (Estete),  and  later, 
after  conquest  of  the  place  by  the  Peruvians  of  the  highlands,  it 
also  had  a  famous  Temple  of  the  Sun.  It  was  at  the  same  time  a 
political  center,  the  seat  of  a  chief  who  ruled  over  the  populous 
valleys  of  Lurin,  Rimac,  Chancay,  Huacho,  Supe,  and  Huanan 
(Garcilasso).  Its  decline  dates  from  the  year  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Spaniards  (1533)  and  the  destruction  by  them  of  the  venerated 
statue  of  the  principal  deity  of  the  place  (Pachacamac).  In  the 
early  fifties  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  Augustinian  monks  trans- 
ferred the  town  to  the  valley,  and  in  the  first  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  it  was  already  a  desolate  pile  of  ruins  (Calancha). 

The  inhabitants  and  the  pilgrims  of  Pachacamac  disappeared, 
leaving  scarcely  a  trace  in  history,  but  they  left  behind  a  vast 
number  of  graves.  Uhle  estimates  the  total  number  of  burials  that 
existed  within  and  about  the  ruins  at  between  60,000  and  80,000. 
There  are  six  or  more  aggregations  of  the  graves  which  may  be 
regarded  as  distinct  cemeteries,  but  burials,  often  two  deep,  existed 
apparently  in  every  available  part  of  the  ground,  within  the  temples, 
and  even  about  and  within  the  dwellings.  The  middle  part  of  the 
region,  bounded  by  the  principal  ruins,  and  especially  the  front  of 
the  Temple  of  Pachacamac,  look  like  one  vast  burial  place. 

These  cemeteries,  with  the  exception  of  a  smaller  one,  heretofore 
unknown,  found  by  the  writer  on  the  south  side,  have  been  for 
many  years,  in  common  with  the  majority  of  other  burial  places  in 
Peru,  the  prey  of  the  peons,  engaged  in  searching  for  pottery  and 
precious  metals,  which  are  carried  to  Lima  for  sale.  Considerable 
and  scientifically  conducted  work  has  been  done  here  by  Uhle, 
particularly  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  temples,  but  the  area  of 
depredations  is  much  greater.  The  result  of  the  peons'  work  is  the 
destruction  of  thousands  of  mummy  bundles,  and  often  of  the 
mummies  themselves,  scattering  of  the  bones,  damage  to  the  walls 
and  foundations,  and  destruction  or  abandonment  of  everything 
that  cannot  be  sold  with  profit.  The  skulls,  bones,  wrappings, 
damaged  fabrics,  broken  jars,  etc.,  are  left  to  litter  the  surface  of 


1  Uhle,  M.     Pachacamac.     University  of  Pennsylvania  Publications,  Folio, 
Philadelphia,  1903. 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU — HRDLICKA  5 

the  sands  or  are  but  partly  buried  by  the  earth  thrown  out  from  the 
excavations.  On  the  writer's  arrival,  the  place  looked  like  a  ver- 
itable Golgotha,  or  some  great  barbaric  battlefield,  with  skulls  and 
bones  whitening  the  ground  and  ruins  in  every  direction. 

In  one  sense,  of  course,  these  conditions,  however  they  may  be 
regretted,  proved  of  great  service,  giving  an  invaluable  opportunity 
for  investigation  and  collection  of  skeletal  material.  It  made  pos- 
sible the  examination  on  the  spot  of  several  thousands  of  individual 
skulls,  a  good  proportion  of  which,  however,  were  not  removed  be- 
cause of  damage  done  by  the  shovel  or  the  elements. 

As  to  collecting  the  skeletal  remains,  the  writer  at  first  hesitated, 
because  the  place  was  the  focus  of  pilgrimages  from  a  large  part 
of  ancient  Peru  and  doubtless  the  last  resting  place  of  numerous 
visitors  from  distant  sections.  But  examination  of  the  material 
soon  revealed  such  a  degree  of  anthropological  uniformity,  that  it 
was  decided  to  make  as  extensive  a  gathering  as  possible.  In  con- 
sequence, all  the  well-preserved  crania  and  a  large  part  of  the  long 
bones,  besides  other  skeletal  parts,  were  gradually  transported  to 
Lima  and  there  packed,  with  Doctor  Uhle's  kind  help  and  super- 
vision, to  be  eventually  shipped  to  Washington.  The  total  collection 
from  this  locality  (now  safely  housed  in  the  U.  S.  National  Mu- 
seum) numbers  over  2200  crania,  and  several  thousands  of  other 
bones  that  are  of  special  value  for  anthropological  determinations. 

It  is  not  as  yet  possible  to  speak  of  the  full  scientific  value  of  the 
collection,  but  it  is  not  readily  overestimated.  A  number  of  the 
more  important  points  which  presented  themselves  during  the 
preliminary  work  in  the  cemeteries,  are  as  follows : 

It  was  seen  first  of  all  that  the  remains  were  derived  partly  from 
mummies,  which  were  especially  numerous  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Temple  of  Pachacamac,  and  in  part  from  simple  burials ;  also, 
that  in  rare  instances  cremation  had  been  practiced. 

The  mummies  were  not  only  artificial  as  to  their  exterior,  but 
there  appeared  evidence  that  the  bodies  themselves,  or  at  least  some 
of  their  parts,  had  been  specially  treated ;  thus  a  number  of  skulls, 
for  the  most  part  such  as  were  damaged  by  wounds,  were  found 
filled  with  cotton. 

All  the  larger  cemeteries  contained  burials  of  males,  females,  and 
even  children,  but  the  last  were  nowhere  very  numerous  and  were  in 
a  decided  minority  near  the  temples.  Males  and  also  a  few  adult 
and  elderly  females  were  collected  from  about  the  Temple  of  the 
Sun.    On  the  southeast  terrace  of  this  temple,  Uhle  reports  1  finding 

1  Pachacamac,  p.  84. 


6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

a  burial  place  containing  some  90  graves.  Forty-six  skulls  were 
actually  discovered.  Objects  unearthed  with  the  burials  showed 
pure  Cuzco  forms  of  culture.  All  persons  interred  in  this  cemetery 
were  women,  and  none  of  these  had  died  a  natural  death,  but  were 
victims  of  strangulation.  All  were  adults ;  one  of  the  skulls  showed 
gray  hair.  It  is  probable  that  the  victims  were  strangled  as  sacri- 
fices to  the  deity  of  the  temple. 

The  people  buried  at  Pachacamac  were  in  general  of  moderate 
stature  and  physical  development,  with  shorter  and  weaker  indi- 
viduals not  infrequent. 

The  crania  belong  very  largely  to  the  brachycephalic  type.  An 
unusually  high  percentage,  for  Peru,  of  the  crania  are  free  from 
deformation  and  show  their  type  perfectly. 

The  majority  of  the  skulls  present  either  simple  occipital,  or  a 
fronto-occipital  artificial  compression,  either  of  which,  however, 
was  seldom  extreme  and  such  as  to  prevent  the  recognition  of  the 
real  type  of  the  skull.  Deformed  crania  were  particularly  frequent 
in  the  large  burial  ground  in  front,  that  is  north,  of  the  old  temple 
(that  of  Pachacamac). 

Besides  the  more  rounded  skulls  there  were  found,  particularly 
in  front  of  the  old  temple,  some  crania  purely  dolichocephalic. 
These  were  plainly  strangers  to  the  original  population,  visitors  or 
invaders,  in  all  probability  part  of  the  Inca  Peruvians.  The  ma- 
jority of  these  narrower  skulls  were  without  any  deformation,  while 
a  few  showed  some  occipital  compression  of  accidental  or  cradle- 
board  origin. 

Absolutely  no  specimen  was  seen  which  presented  the  Aymara 
type  of  deformation,  which  shows  that  these  highland  people  did  not 
visit  the  Pachacamac  temples,  and  were  not  among  the  conquerors 
of  the  place. 

A  number  of  submicrocephalic  and  even  microcephalic  but  other- 
wise normal  crania  were  found.  They  have  nothing  in  common 
with  the  small  skulls  of  our  idiots. 

Finally,  the  long  and  other  bones  were  found  to  offer  many 
features  of  interest,  some  of  which  will  be  touched  upon  before 
the  conclusion  of  this  paper. 

Chan-chan  1  (Grand  Chimu) 
The   second   region  visited  by   the   writer   exceeds   probably   in 
importance  even  that  of  Pachacamac.    This  was  the  district  of  Tru- 

1  Term    used    among    the    local    natives    and    probably    more    correct    than 
"  Chimu." 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU — HRDLICKA  7 

jillo,  with  the  ruins  and  cemeteries  of  Moche,  Chan-chan  or  Gran 
Chimu,  and  the  extensive,  shallow  valley  of  the  Chicama. 

This  region  was  the  main  seat  of  the  powerful  Chimu  people  and 
abounds  in  their  remains,  ruins,  huacas,1  and  cemeteries.  The  ceme- 
teries are  particularly  numerous  in  the  valley  of  the  Chicama,  and 
it  was  there,  at  the  Estancia  Roma,  with  Sehor  Victor  Larco,  the 
owner  of  a  large  part  of  the  valley  and  one  of  the  most  enlightened 
Peruvians,  that  the  writer  made  his  headquarters. 

The  valley  of  Chicama  is  a  large  plain,  but  little  elevated  above 
the  sea  level,  traversed  by  a  small  river,  the  Chicama,  and  bounded 
on  all  sides  except  the  west  and  the  northwest,  in  an  irregular  and 
broken  way,  by  hills  and  mountains.  It  is  incompletely  separated 
from  the  Chan-chan  plain  by  a  mass  of  hills  known  as  Cerro  de 
Cabra.  Over  its  surface  are  several  isolated  rocky  elevations,  and 
toward  the  northwestward  it  connects  with  sandy  flats  which  extend 
along  the  coast  in  the  direction  of  Pacasmayo. 

The  valley  shows  only  a  limited  number  of  ruins  which,  however, 
include  an  interesting  and  relatively  well-preserved  fortress.  These 
are  a  short  distance  south  of  Chiquitoi,  one  of  the  haciendas  belong- 
ing to  Sehor  Larco.  Besides  this,  however,  numerous  old  huacas 
are  situated  southeast,  west,  and  northwest  of  Chiquitoi,  and,  lining 
the  bases  of  the  hills  within  the  valley  or  projecting  into  the  same, 
as  well  as  in  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore,  there  are  many  cemeteries 
of  the  former  native  population. 

The  Chicama  cemeteries,  like  those  of  Pachacamac,  have  fallen 
a  prey  to  the  greed  of  the  peon,  and  of  the  collectors  who  incite  and 
profit  by  the  peon,  with  the  result  that  a  large  portion  of  the  burials, 
in  some  places  even  all,  have  been  destroyed.  And,  as  at  Pacha- 
camac so  here,  the  skulls  and  bones,  and  such  objects  as  could  not 
well  be  sold,  were  left  everywhere  strewn  over  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

In  this  region  the  writer  was  able  to  remain  for  nearly  two  weeks 
and  through  the  generous  aid  of  Sehor  Larco,  who  provided  him 
freely  with  men,  animals,  and  even  the  use  of  his  local  railroads, 
he  was  able  to  visit  over  30  of  the  cemeteries,  to  make  examination 
of  their  skeletal  contents  and  to  gather  much  of  the  better  preserved 
material.  The  bones  that  passed  through  his  hands  in  this  valley 
amounted  to  many  thousands  of  specimens,  and  the  collections  com- 
prise over  1 100  crania,  all  the  skeletal  parts  from  two  of  the  largest 
cemeteries,  and  many  additional  specimens,  particularly  long  bones, 
from  other  burials. 


1  Mounds,  constructed  in  the  main  of  sun-dried  bricks. 


8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

Among  the  cemeteries  seen  were  some  quite  extensive  ones  includ- 
ing hundreds  of  graves,  while  others  were  small,  with  only  a  few 
score  of  burials.  In  a  few  cases  the  cemeteries  were  confluent,  but 
for  the  most  part  they  were  separated,  though  the  distance  between 
them  in  some  instances  was  no  more  than  a  few  yards. 

The  examination  of  the  skeletal  material  and  other  objects  made 
it  evident  that  some  of  the  cemeteries  in  this  valley  were  more 
modern  than  others ;  that  different  cemeteries  served  for  the  burial 
places  of  different  groups,  clans,  or  tribes  of  people ;  and  that  in 
numerous  instances  late  and  even  recent  intrusive  burials  in  small 
number  have  taken  place  in  the  old  cemeteries. 

It  was  possible  further  to  determine  that  the  huacas  which  dot  the 
lower  part  of  the  valley  were  nothing  but  construction-cemeteries 
of  the  old  coast  inhabitants.  They  are  burial  mounds  built  of  sun- 
dried  brick  and  earth,  instead  of  earth  alone  as  usually. 

Furthermore,  higher  in  the  valley,  the  cemeteries  were  evidently 
those  of  the  agricultural  populations  of  the  region,  while  along  the 
coast  they  were  those  of  fishermen. 

The  burials  were  for  the  most  part  simple,  the  body  being  laid 
in  the  ground  wrapped  in  a  blanket.  More  elaborate  mummy- 
bundles,  however,  were  occasionally  encountered,  but  nothing  was 
seen  or  learned  that  would  point  to  intentional  mummification  of  the 
body  or  any  of  its  parts,  as  at  Pachacamac.  In  rare  instances,  also, 
there  was  cremation. 

As  at  Pachacamac,  so  here,  too,  burials  in  the  contracted  position 
were  the  rule. 

An  indisputable  fact,  applicable  to  all  the  Chicama  cemeteries,  is 
the  relative  scarcity  of  the  remains  of  children.  This  is  not  due  to 
the  earlier  decay  of  children's  bones,  for  where  such  were  found 
they  were  in  just  as  good  condition  as  those  of  the  adults.  It 
indicates  either  a  general  scarcity  of  children,  separated  interments, 
or  a  low  infant  mortality. 

Besides  the  Chicama  valley  cemeteries,  there  were  examined  that 
of  the  Cerro  de  Virgen,  near  Chan-chan,  as  well  as  that  about  the 
Huaca  of  the  Moon  near  Moche ;  and  skeletal  material  was  seen 
and  in  a  small  part  collected  from  Chan-chan  (Gran  Chimu)  itself. 

The  large  cemetery  about  the  Cerro  de  Virgen,  was  found  to  be  a 
general  burial  ground  for  men  and  women,  but  there  were  seen 
no  bones  of  children.  The  Huaca  of  the  Moon  appears  to  be 
mainly,  if  not  entirely,  an  immense  and  ar'cheologically  important 
burial  mound,  built  from  sun-dried  brick. 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU HRDLICKA  9 

From  the  standpoint  of  physical  anthropology,  the  examination 
of  the  skeletal  material  from  the  cemeteries  in  the  district  of  Chi- 
quitoi,  and  in  the  rest  of  the  valley  of  Chicama,  proved  exceed- 
ingly interesting,  for  the  majority  of  the  people  were  found  to  have 
been  of  exactly  the  same  type  as  those  of  the  region  of  Pachacamac, 
that  is,  moderate  in  stature  and  brachycephalic. 

However,  it  also  became  evident  that  the  valley  of  Chicama  was 
peopled,  in  the  course  of  time,  by  more  than  one  tribe  of  natives, 
though  all  or  nearly  all  such  tribes  belonged  probably  to  the  same 
original  stock.  In  some  of  the  cemeteries  were  found  only  the 
undeformed  and  brachycephalic  skulls,  with  those  showing  the 
accidental  occipital  flattening.  In  others  there  were  a  great  pre- 
ponderance of  crania  with  highly  developed  occipital  flattening  and, 
mixed  with  these,  were  individuals  with  the  fronto-occipital,  or 
"  flathead,"  intentional  deformation.  Finally,  besides  all  these,  and 
as  at  Pachacamac,  there  were  encountered  now  and  then  individuals, 
or  little  groups  of  burials,  with  the  dolichocephalic  cranial  type. 
The  skulls  of  these  were  undeformed,  or  merely  accidentally  flat- 
tened in  the  occiput. 

The  more  modern  nature  of  some  of  the  cemeteries  and  burials 
was  shown  especially  by  the  pottery.  In  two  examples  in  particular 
a  vessel  was  seen  which  represented  clearly  conditions  known  only 
after  the  Spanish  invasion. 

There  was  again  not  a  single  skull  which  presented  the  Aymara 
type  of  deformation.  It  is  certain  that  the  Aymara  proper  did  not 
reach  either  this  valley  or  Pachacamac,  either  as  pilgrims  or  as 
settlers  after  the  conquering  Incas.  Squier  mentions  x  having  seen 
some  skulls  with  the  Aymara  deformation,  possibly  the  remains  of 
soldiers,  about  the  "  Castillo  "  at  Chan-chan,  but  the  many  ordinary 
cemeteries  examined  by  the  writer  failed  to  show  any  such  instances. 

One  or  two  facts  were  learned  of  special  interest  to  archeology. 
Although  only  very  limited  excavations  were  undertaken,  it  was 
nevertheless  possible  to  observe  an  association  of  certain  types  of 
pottery  with  definite  types  of  people ;  and  there  is  also  a  strong 
probability. that  differences  in  pottery  existed  at  different  periods  of 
occupation  of  the  valley.  In  general,  the  huacas  and  cemeteries  near 
the  sea  and  belonging  to  the  original  people  of  the  valley,  the  old 
coast  brachycephals,  show  pottery  of  simpler  forms  and  more 
sombre  colors  than  that  found  in  some  of  the  more  inland  burial 


1  Squier,  E.  G.     Peru.    8°.     New  York,  1877,  p.  123. 


IO  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

grounds.    The  ware  also  reminds  one  of  some  of  the  more  northern 
types  (pis.  1,  3,  and  4). 

In  several  of  the  more  inland  cemeteries,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
differentiation  of  form  in  pottery  and  also  its  fineness  have  reached 
a  high  level.  Finally,  graves  which  appear  to  be  more  modern  yield 
especially  vessels  with  large,  flaring  borders  characteristically  decor- 
ated in  red  with  various  figures,  some  of  which  represent  natural 
objects,  as  animals,  warriors,  etc.,  while  others  are  apparently  of 
complex  symbolic  meaning.  Two  graves,  which  yielded  undeformed 
dolichocephalic  skulls,  contained  highly  ornamented  pottery  which 
probably  belongs  to  the  last  mentioned  period  (pi.  2). 

Conclusions 

Although  the  detailed  study  of  the  large  series  of  specimens  col- 
lected about  Pachacamac  and  in  the  district  of  Trujillo  will  un- 
doubtedly bring  out  numerous  points  which  can  scarcely  as  yet  be 
foreseen,  it  is  nevertheless  possible  from  the  preliminary  examina- 
tion of  the  material  to  state  certain  important  facts  bearing  on  the 
anthropology  of  the  people  represented  by  the  collections. 

In  the  first  place,  it  can  now  be  positively  stated  that  the  whole 
coast  of  Peru,  at  least  from  Pisco,  well  south  of  Pachacamac,  to 
Pacasmayo,  north  of  the  valley  of  Chicama,  was  peopled  by  one  and 
the  same  type  of  natives,  the  brachycephalic  Indian  of  moderate 
stature.  This  bears  out  to  a  large  extent  the  statement  of  Calancha 
(Vol.  2,  chap.  29),  that  "the  people  of  the  coast,  the  Yungas,  the 
dwellers  of  the  plain  and  of  the  sandy  desert,  extended  over  all  the 
district  from  Piura  to  Arica,  300  leagues  in  length  and  from  12  to  15 
in  breadth,  according  to  the  width  of  the  coast  land." 

Chronologically,  the  earliest  people  in  these  regions  were  evidently 
those  whose  remains  are  found  in  the  huacas  and  in  some  of  the 
cemeteries  where  the  pottery  is  of  simpler,  though  often  interesting 
forms.    In  these  cemeteries  metal  is  scarce  and  is  principally  gold. 

These  people  were  followed  by  others  of  the  same  fundamental 
physical  type,  but  of  modified  habits,  shown  in  part  by  the  pro- 
nounced occipital  head  fiattenings,  which  indicates  the  use  of  cradle- 
boards  to  which  the  infant  was  tied  for  a  prolonged  period,  and 
especially  in  the  frequent  practice  of  the  intentional  fronto-occipital 
skull  deformation.  These  deformations  represent  apparently  a 
change  of  habits  with  the  times,  or  the  immigration  of  people  with 
such  customs,  rather  than  a  manifestation  of  caste,  though  this  may 
not  have  been  without  influence.     Belonging  to  this  period  are  large 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    56,     NO.    16,    PL.    1 


TWO     BOWLS     FROM     AN     ANCIENT     HUACA,    NEAR     THE     HACIENDA    CHIQUITOY,    IN     THE 

VALLEY   OF  CHICAMA.      THE    HUACA   YIELDED   ONLY    BR ACH YCEPH ALIC   SKULLS 

OF    THE    ORIGINAL    CHIMU     POPULATION    (GREATEST     BREADTH 

OF    RIM,    UPPER    VESSEL    17.6    CM.,    LOWER    18.8    CM.) 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU HRDLICKA  II 

cemeteries,  in  which  the  graves  yield  copper  or  bronze,  with  some 
gold,  besides  the  before  mentioned  interesting  pottery. 

At  about  the  time  of  the  greatest  prevalence  of  the  deformed 
crania,  there  appear  individual  elements  of  the  dolichocephalic  type 
of  the  Indian.  These  are  not  local  developments,  for  intermediary 
cranial  forms,  which  in  that  case  would  be  numerous,  are  lacking. 
Nor  are  they  the  Aymara  who,  though  dolichocephalic,  have  since 
early  Tiahuanaco  times  practiced  the  peculiar  circular  head  defor- 
mation which  now  bears  their  name.  It  seems  most  probable  that 
these  dolichocephals  came  with  or  after  the  invading  forces  of  the 
central  or  highland  Peruvians  and  represent  some  of  the  more 
eastern  or  northern  tribes  of  Peru.  It  was  from  the  graves  of  such 
individuals  that  the  writer  obtained  the  ornamented  pottery,  shown 
in  pi.  2,  which  is  very  distinct  from  any  that  occur  in  the  old  huacas 
and  the  coast  burials. 

The  brachycephalic  people  seem  to  have  been  the  first  inhabitants 
of  the  coast,  for  there  was  absolutely  no  trace  of  any  previous 
occupants ;  and  the  peopling  of  the  coast  by  the  brachycephals, 
judging  from  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  cemeteries,  could  not 
have  been  of  any  very  great  duration,  not  over  some  centuries  before 
the  arrival  of  the  whites. 

This  old  type  of  the  coast  people  is  fundamentally  the  same  as  a 
large  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Equador,  Colombia,  Panama, 
Central  America,  and  Yucatan.  The  present  native  population  was 
seen  by  the  writer  to  show  this  type  as  far  as  the  southern  confines 
of  the  Peru  of  to-day.  Farther  southward,  however,  at  Arica  and 
along  the  Chilean  coast,  there  is  found  an  increasingly  large  propor- 
tion of  dolichocephalic  natives,  and  from  the  northern  extremity  of 
the  central  part  of  the  Chilean  coast  southward  this  latter  type  is  the 
only  one  encountered. 

The  preliminary  examination  of  the  skeletal  material  at  Pacha- 
camac  and  in  the  valley  of  Chicama  has  brought  forth  also  some 
interesting  evidence  of  medical  nature. 

There  was  not  a  single  instance  of  rachitis.1  In  only  one  case 
(Chicama)  was  there  seen  a  vertebra  that  may  have  been  tubercu- 
lous, but  the  evidence  was  not  entirely  conclusive  and  the  age  of  the 
grave  was  unknown.  Only  two  burials  were  encountered  in  which 
the  bones  were  surely  syphilitic ;  but  both  of  these  graves  were 
among  the  more  recent,  in  all  probability  post-Columbian.     Besides 


1  For  comparison,  see  the  writer's  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations, 
Bulletin  34,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Washington,  1908. 


12  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

these,  there  were  collected  about  thirty  long  bones  with  more  or  less 
marked  inflammatory  alterations,  which  may  be  syphilitic,  but  the 
diagnosis  cannot  be  made  with  certainty.  A  very  large  majority  of 
the  many  thousands  of  long  bones  collected  or  examined  showed  no 
lesions  whatever.  With  two  uncertain  exceptions  no  single  skull 
out  of  the  3400  brought  away,  and  the  many  additional  ones  that 
were  looked  over,  presented  a  case  of  ulceration  or  a  lesion  which 
could  be  with  confidence  attributed  to  syphilis. 

In  the  Chicama  cemeteries,  and  to  some  lesser  extent  in  those  of 
Pachacamac,  there  was  a  marked  rarity  of  fractures  of  the  bones. 
The  setting  of  the  fractures  was  generally  defective,  indicating  little 
if  any  surgical  knowledge  of  these  conditions.  On  the  other  hand, 
wounds  of  the  skull,  especially  at  Pachacamac,  were  very  numerous. 

Of  trephining  no  postive  example  was  discovered  in  the  valley  of 
Chicama  and  but  one  at  Pachacamac ;  but  there  are  several  skulls 
in  which  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  they  present  a  partially 
healed  wound  from  a  club  or  a  scar  from  trephining.  It  may  also 
be  that  some  specimens  of  trephining  have  been  taken  by  the  peons 
and  brought  to  the  local  collectors ;  but  numerous  cemeteries  were 
examined  to  which  this  could  not  apply. 

From  an  archeological  point  of  view  the  exploration  brought  out 
with  special  force  the  fact  that  the  scientific  value  of  such  Peruvian 
collections  of  pottery  and  other  antiquities  as  have  been  or  are 
being  made  by  the  untrained  local  collectors,  is  very  small.  It  was 
seen  throughout  that  the  peons  gather  indiscriminately  what  is 
salable  and  dispose  of  it  now  to  this  buyer  and  now  to  another 
according  to  the  amount  offered.  These  buyers  make  the  collections 
for  profit  and  though  some  of  them  are  of  fair  and  even  professional 
education,  they  possess  and  care  for  no  real  archeological  knowledge, 
and  generally  do  not  attempt  in  the  least  any  type  or  even  locality 
identification.  In  consequence,  every  large  collection  that  has  been 
sold  from  Peru  by  such  collectors,  represents  a  heterogeneous  mass 
of  articles  proceeding  from  different  epochs  and  even  different 
peoples,  and  what  it  can  amount  to  scientifically,  under  such  cir- 
cumstances, can  easily  be  imagined.  If  ancient  Peru  is  to  be  known 
properly,  it  will  be  necessary,  as  in  Egypt,  to  re-dig  the  plundered 
cemeteries,  establish  the  relations  between  the  articles  buried  and 
the  type  and  period  of  the  people,  and  to  collect  and  note  every 
object  the  graves  offer,  not  merely  such  as  have  commercial  value. 
Perhaps  on  the  basis  of  such  work  it  will  then  become  possible  to 
properly  classify  the  existing  Peruvian  archeological  collections  in 
our  institutions. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    56,     NO.    16.    PL.   2 


A    JAR,    16    CM.    HIGH    BY    23.5    CM.    BROAD,    FROM    ONE    OF   THE    LESS   ANCIENT    GRAVES   IN 
THE    VALLEY    OF    CHICAMA,    PERU.       ONE    OF    THESE    VESSELS    OF     SAME     TYPE, 
RECOVERED    FROM    TWO    NEIGHBORING    GRAVES  OF   MEN.     THE   SKULLS  OF 
BOTH    WERE    DOLICHOCEPHALIC   AND    FREE    FROM    ANY    DEFORMATION. 


NO.  l6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU HRDLICKA  J  3 

One  word  more  as  to  the  skeletal  material  collected.  The  quan- 
tity of  this  material,  which  exceeds  that  from  any  other  limited 
region  in  America  or  elsewhere,  presents  a  reference  series  of  the 
highest  value,  which  will  be  freely  open  to  scientific  investigators 
who  may  wish  to  consult  it. 

To  the  above  brief  report,  the  writer  has  added  a  bibliography, 
which  will  enable  the  reader  to  appreciate  what  has  hitherto  been 
done  in  Peruvian  anthropology.  Many  of  the  specimens  mentioned 
separately,  however,  have  been  reported  upon  by  two  or  even  more 
writers,  so  that  the  total  number  of  described  crania  is  much 
smaller  than  would  appear.  Moreover,  a  great  majority  of  the 
enumerated  skulls  were  deformed ;  and  the  measurements  or  obser- 
vations in  many  cases  are  very  inadequate.  Contributions  of  a  more 
general  nature,  or  such  as  apply  to  special  features  (trephining,  etc.) 
are  not  included.1 

The  four  plates  of  illustrations  accompanying  this  paper  show  a 
number  of  the  more  interesting  specimens  from  the  small  archeo- 
logical  collection  made  by  the  writer  in  the  valley  of  Chicama  while 
gathering  the  skeletal  remains. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  PHYSICAL  ANTHROPOLOGY  OF  PERU 

Blake,  John  H.  Notes  on  a  Collection  from  the  Ancient  Cemetery  at  the 
Bay  of  Chacota,  Peru.  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Peabody  Mu- 
seum of  Archeology  and  Ethnology,  Cambridge,  1878,  pp.  277-304. 

Notes    and    some   measurements    on   7    skulls    from    Chacota    (near 
Arica). 
Blake,  Charles  Carter.     On  the  Cranial  Characters  of  the  Peruvian  Races 
of  Man.    Trans.  Ethnol.  Soc,  N.  S.,  Vol.  2,  London,  1863,  pp.  216-231. 
General  classification. 
Blake,  C.  C.     On  a  Skull  from  the  Chincha  Islands.     Journ.   Anthr.   Soc, 
Vol.  7,  London,   1869,  pp.  lxvii-lxx. 

Notes,  a  few  measurements  and  a  discussion  without  importance. 
Busk,  George.     Remarks  on  a  collection  of  150  ancient  Peruvian  skulls,  pre- 
sented to  the  Anthropological  Institute  by  T.  J.  Hutchinson. 
In  Hutchinson    (Thos.   J.)  :    Two   Years   in   Peru,   Vol.  2,   London, 

1873,  PP-  309-318. 

Brief  report  on  43  skulls  from  Ancon,  60  from  Pasmayo  and  46  from 
Canete  valley. 


1  Historical,  ethnographical  and  other  works  on  Peru  are  given,  to  a  large 
extent,  but  with  numerous  errors,  in  Dorsey  (Geo.  A.)  :  "A  Bibliography  of 
the  Anthropology  of  Peru,"  Field  Columbian  Museum  Publication  No.  23, 
Chicago,  1898. 


14  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

Davis,  J.  Barnard.    On  Ancient  Peruvian  Skulls  (with  pi.  9).    Journ.  Anthr. 
Institute  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Vol.  3,  London,  1874,  pp.  94-100. 

Also  in   Hutchinson    (Thos.  J.)  :    Two  Years  in   Peru,   Vol.  2,  8°, 
London,  1873,  pp.  318-320. 

No  new  observations  on  undeformed  skulls.  Contests,  on  the  basis 
of  a  small  series  of  deformed  specimens,  D.  Wilson's  opinion  that  there 
are  in  Peru,  besides  the  naturally  brachycephalic,  also  naturally  dolicho- 
cephalic crania. 
Davis,  Joseph  Barnard.  Thesaurus  Craniorum.  8°,  London,  1867,  pp.  240 
et  seq.     Supplement,  8°,  London,  1875,  pp.  51  et  seq. 

Principal  measurements  and  some  observations  on  7  Aymara,  9 
Quichua  (without  locality),  6  Arica,  3  Tucua,  8  Cerro  di  Oro,  4  Cahete 
valley,  10  near  Callas,  3  Pachacamac,  2  Chincha  islands,  and  several 
other  skulls  from  different  localities. 
Dorsey,  Geo.  A.  Crania  from  the  Necropolis  of  Ancon,  Peru.  Proc.  Amer. 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Vol.  43,  1894,  PP-  1~12- 

Notes  and  measurements  on  123  skulls  from  Ancon. 
Flower,  W.  H.     Catalogue  ot  the  Specimens    ...   in  the  Museum  of  the 
Roy.  Coll.  of  Surgeons  of  England.     2d  ed.,  Vol.  1,  8°,  London,  1907, 
pp.  281  et  seq. 

Measurements  and  notes  on  36  skulls  from  Pasmayo,  7  from  Santos, 
27  from  Ancon,  30  from  Cerro  del  Oro,  5  from  Huacho,  and  a  num- 
ber from  other  localities. 
Forbes,  David.     On  the  Aymara  Indians  of  Bolivia  and  Peru.     Journ.  Eth- 
nolog.  Soc,  London,  Vol.  2,  1869-1870,  pp.  193-305. 
Observations  and  measurements  on  living  Aymara. 
Gosse,  L.  A.     Dissertation  sur  les  races  qui  composaient  l'ancienne  popula- 
tion du   Perou.     Mem.   Soc.  d'Anthr.,  Vol.   1,  Paris,   1861,  pp.   149-176. 
Criticism  of  Tschudi's  statements. 
Meigs,  J.   Aitken.     Catalogue  of  Human   Crania  in  the   Collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  8°,  Philadelphia,  1857. 
Notes  and  a  few  measurements  on   14   skulls  from  Arica,  77  from 
Pachacamac,  44  from  Pisco,  5  from  Santa,  5  from  Lima  and  7  mis- 
cellaneous.    Largely  the  same  as  in  Morton's  Crania  Americana. 

Meigs,  J.  A.    Observations  upon  the  Cranial  Forms  of  the  American  Aborigi- 
nes.    Proc.  Acad.  Natur.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1866 ;  separate  8°,  pp.  1-39. 

Brief  anthropometric  notes  on  104  crania  from  Pachacamac,  63  from 
Pisco,  31  from  near  Arica,  14  from  near  Lima,  9  from  Paraccas  bay, 
8  from  Santa,  2  from  Payta,  and  1  each  from  Gyamay  and  Chimu. 
Morton,  Samuel  George.     Crania  Americana.     Philadelphia,   fob,   1839,  pp. 
96-133. 

Observations  and  measurements  on  23   skulls   from   Pachacamac,   3 
from  near  Arica,  and  1  each  from  Gran  Chimu  and  Santa. 
de  Quatrefages,  A.,  and  E.  T.  Hamy.    Crania  Ethnica.    40,  Paris,  1873-1882, 
pp.  467,  474-475- 

Brief   notes   and   principal   measurements   on   about  60  undeformed 
crania  from  Bolivia  and  Peru  (Ancon,  Chancay,  Pachacamac,  etc.). 


NO.  1 6  EXPLORATION    IN    PERU HRDLICKA  1 5 

Ranke,  Johannes.  Ueber  Altperuanische  Schadel  von  Ancon  und  Pachaca- 
mac.  Abhandlungen  der  mathematisch-physikalischen  Classe  d. 
Miinchen.  Academie  der  Wissenschaften,  Bd.  20,  1899-1900,  pp.  631- 
750,  and  plates. 

Report  on  17  skulls  from  Pachacamac  and  12  from  Ancon. 

Retzius,  A.    Ueber  die  Schadelform  der  Peruaner.     Ethnologische  Schriften. 

Fol.,  Leipzig,   1864,  pp.  94-98. 
Remarks  on  8  skulls,  5  of  which  from  Pisco,  with  measurements  of 

two. 
Riccardi,  Dr.  Paolo.     Memoria  del  crani  e  Oggetti  de  gli  antichi  Peruviani 

appartenenti   al   Museo   Civico   di   Modena   e   al    Museo    di   Anatomia 

Umana  de  la  R.  Universita  di  Modena.     Archiv  Anthr.  &  Ethnologia, 

Firenze,  Vol.  16,  1886,  pp.  305-405. 
Measurements   and    description   of    17   skulls    from   Ancon,    1    from 

Arica;  some  data  on  additional  12,  partly  from  Ancon,  partly? 

Rivero,  M.  E.,  and  J.  J.  v.  Tschudi.  Antiguedades  Peruanas.  4°.  Vienna, 
1851;  Transl.,  8°,  New  York,   1855. 

Includes  dissertation  on  types  of  Peruvian  crania.  Repeated  in 
several  of  Tschudi's  works. 

Rudinger,  N.    Ueber  kiinstlich  deformirte  Schadel  und  Gehirne  von  Siidsee- 
Insulanern,  Abh.  bayer.     Akad.  Wiss.,  Vol.  11,  Bd.  16,  Miinchen,  1887. 
Includes  report  on  two  deformed  skuils  from  Ancon,  Peru. 

Schreiber,  W.  Beitrag  zur  Kraniologie  der  altperuanischen  Schadel ;  Zeitschr. 
Morphol.  Anthr.,  Vol.  12,  Stuttgart,  1909,  pp.  243-260. 

Observations  and  some  measurements  on  102  Bolivian  and  Peruvian 
skulls  (Ancon  60,  Puno  7,  Arequipa  6,  Arica  4,  Cajamarquilla  2,  Cocha- 
bamba  2,  etc.). 

Sergi,  G.,  and  L.  Moschen.  Crani  peruviani  antichi  del  Museo  antropologico 
nella  Universita  di  Roma.  1887.  8°.  Archiv  Anthrop.  &  Ethnol., 
Firenze,  Vol.  17,  1887,  pp.  5-26. 

Notes  and  measurements  on  21  skulls,  12  from  the  vicinity  of  Lima, 
3  from  Ancon  and  6  from  unknown  localities  on  the  west. 

Stolyhwo,  C.  Cranes  Peruviens.  Bull.  Acad.  Sciences  de  Cracovie,  Fevrier 
1906,  pp.    109-138. 

Detailed  measurements  and  notes  on  92  skulls,  nearly  all  deformed, 
localities  not  given. 

Tschudi,  J.  J.  v.     See  Rivero  and  Tschudi. 

Virchow,  R.     Crania    Ethnica  Americana,  fol.,  Berlin,  1892. 

Measurements  and  description  of  4  skulls,  2  from  Paucartambo,  1 
from  Ancon  and  1  from  Iquique.  Deformation.  Exostoses  in  auditory 
canal. 
Virchow,  R.  Schadel  (Peruanische).  In  Reiss  ( W.)  and  Stiibel's  (A.)  : 
"  Das  Todtenfeld  von  Ancon  in  Peru,"  fol..  Vol.  3,  Berlin,  1887,  Taf. 
108-116. 
Illustration,  notes  on  and  measurements  of  3  skulls  from  Ancon. 


l6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.  56 

Vram,    Ugo    G.      Contribute)    all'antropologia    antica    del    Peru.      Atti    della 
Societa  Romana  di  Antiopologia,  Vol.  7,  Roma,  1900-1901,  pp.  44-93. 

Measurements  and  observations  on  24  crania,  3  from  Tacna,  3  from 
Caudivilla,  1  from  Iquique  and  17  derivation  not  stated.  Also  on 
some  other  parts  of  the  skeleton. 

Vram,  U.  G.     Secondo  contribute  all'antropologia  del  Peru  antico.    (Crani- 
ologia :    varieta   craniche   con    speciale    riguardo    all'accrescimento    del 
teschio).     Atti  Soc.  Romana  di  Antrop.,  7,   1901,  pp.  67-69.     Nineteen 
skulls,  15  from  Ancon,  4  from  Lima. 

Wilson,  D.    Physical  Ethnology :   The  American  Cranial  Type.     Seventeenth 

Ann.  Rep.  Smithsonian  Inst,  for  1862,  Washington,  1863,  pp.  249  et  seq. 

Observations  and  some  measurements  on  39  Bolivian  and  Peruvian 

skulls,  14  from  near  Arica,  13  from  Pachacamac,  4  from  Titicaca,  2 

from  near  Lima,  1  from  Santa  and  5  locality  unknown. 

Wyman,    J.      Observations    on    Crania   and    Other    Parts    of    the    Skeleton. 
Fourth  Ann.  Rep.  Peabody  Museum,  Boston,   1871,  pp.   10-24. 

Gives  measurements  and  some  observations  on  6  skulls  of  Aymaras 
from  Bolivia;  and  on  14  skulls  from  Casma,  16  from  Amacavilca,  7 
from  Gran  Chimu,  4  from  Trujillo,  4  from  Pachacamac,  5  from  Caja- 
marquilla,  Peru;  all,  or  nearly  all,  deformed. 
Wyman,  J.  Crania.  Seventh  Ann.  Rep.  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  1874, 
pp.  8-15. 

Observations  and  some  measurements  on  330  skulls  from  Ancon. 


